Medium Format Cameras

[Updated August 25th, 2016]

Medium format cameras once were the chosen tool of every studio photographer.  At a certain point in a photographer’s studio career, they would graduate to medium format work, and their 35mm gear would be relegated to on-location shoots, scouting and travel work.

The digital photography era took some of the shine off of medium format, partially because of price, partially because of the technical sophistication found in digital 35mm gear, and partially because of changing client needs. Most digital medium format systems are expensive—it’s not uncommon to find medium format cameras costing as much as a nicely equipped car.

Their price, plus the increasing sophistication of SLRs, has led to a decline in the adoption of medium format cameras at the higher end of photography. But this change is actually an advantage to today’s medium format shooter. In last month’s issue, photographer Michael Clark talked about why he’s embraced medium format, even for his hectic on-location shoots, because of the different looks he gets with his system.

We think the future is bright for medium format digital, and while the price of today’s systems is still high, the return on investment is higher than ever. Companies don’t seem to be slowing down on producing innovative medium format systems, either. Hasselblad and Phase One’s new bodies, reviewed here, are packed full of innovations and SLR-like features.

To get a feel for the new systems and what they offer, I set out with both the recently released Hasselblad H6D-50c and the Phase One XF 100MP, as well as the affordable (and aging) Pentax 645Z for comparison.

The Systems

The first camera I looked at was the Hasselblad H6D-50c, announced in April alongside a 100MP version of the same system. The 50c carries a street price of around $26,000 and the 100MP version a price closer to $33,000. The company says the H6D has been “completely rebuilt with new technical components and an all-new electronic platform” despite the H6D being visibly similar to the H5D.

The H6D’s 50MP sensor is developed by Sony, as are the sensors in the Pentax and Phase One cameras, though Hasselblad says the sensor in its system will have imaging characteristics unique to Hasselblad. The 50c has a sensor that measures 43.8mm x 32.9mm while the 100MP is 53.4 x 40, meaning that there will be a slight image crop on the 50MP relative to the 100MP back, which is closer a full 6cm x 4.5cm film area.

Among the enhancements to the camera (aside from the sensor) are a faster top shutter speed (1/2000^th), improved rear LCD display, USB 3.0 and the ability to shoot 4K video. The company also unveiled a number of new “HC” lenses for the camera, which enable it to shoot at 1/2000 of a second. (Traditional Hasselblad glass still has a top speed of 1/1000 of a second.)

For image storage, the system includes both an SD and a CFast slot, with Hasselblad saying that only the CFast slot should be used for video. Personally, I’d have preferred dual CFast slots—if a photographer is going to spend $26,000-$33,000 on a single camera body, they can probably afford the cost of new CFast cards and the speed benefits they confer.

The rear screen is a touchscreen LCD with better sharpness than the one found on the H5D. It would often be difficult to review images on the previous H-series cameras, but the H6D’s screen seems much more useful in a wider array of lighting conditions. The top control surface of the H6D has changed a bit but not enough to be really noticeable. SLR shooters will find the dual control dials and back buttons familiar. The system still uses the battery itself as the camera’s grip, something that personally drives me insane but works well in practice.

Connectors for the H6D are found under a door on the side of the camera and include mic in and output (there is no on-camera microphone) and HDMI.

Phase One did not release a brand-new platform for the XF 100MP; instead it updated the available back for its XF cameras to a 100MP version with 16-bit color, 15 stops of dynamic range and an ISO range from 50 to 12800. The top shutter speed on the XF system is 1/4000 of a second. The camera can shoot using an electronic front curtain for vibration reduction, it has built-in WiFi and HDMI connectivity, and can be used in a LiveView mode. The company says that its Honeybee Autofocus Platform is “easy to expand, update and customize.” HAP-1 was engineered and designed with resolution advancements, and future technology growth, in mind.

The XF 100MP has a street price for body and a Schneider Kreuznach 80mm LS lens for (take a deep breath) $49,000. The package feels incredibly well integrated—one of the best examples of user interface and user experience in a medium format camera.

By comparison, the Pentax 645Z, released in 2014, has a bargain price of $7,000, with a 51.4MP sensor measuring 43.8 x 32.8mm (almost identical to the Hasselblad H6D resolution), ISO from 100-204,800, USB 3.0, HDMI out (for the HD video it can capture) and a titling LCD screen in a weather-sealed body. Like the Phase One, the top shutter speed is 1/4000 of a second.

Body Types

Just like with SLRs, each platform has its own unique design sensibility and quirks. Since these are modern-day digital cameras, there’s an easy transition from most SLRs to these bodies—there are no dark slides and film winders, and the bodies all have autofocus. That makes it much easier to pick up a medium format digital and integrate it into a studio workflow. While I’ve worked with all of these camera systems in the past, I started out my evaluations without reading any manuals, to see how easy it was to make a transition. On all three of the systems, it was no harder to start shooting than it would have been for a Nikon shooter to pick up a Canon. In fact, it was a bit simpler as medium format cameras don’t have as many autofocus settings as SLRs.

The Pentax 645Z system feels most like an SLR, as if someone was growing a Pentax K-1 for the county fair and it happened to grow into a monster. Unlike the other systems, the K1 is one solid piece—the sensor is integrated into the body SLR-style, which makes the system more compact, but also means that it’s not upgradable, as is the case with the Hasselblad and Phase One system.

The 645Z looks less “solid” than do the others; it’s not as heavy, not as large and doesn’t feel as durable. Looks can be deceiving though, as the body is waterproof—we’ve seen videos of it operating in a shower—which makes the camera a great choice for the adventure or travel photographer.

The Hasselblad H6D feels much like the previous H-system models, solid albeit a bit less durable than Hasselblad of old. There were many negative comments about the feel of the Hasselblad H-system shooters when it debuted, largely because it was a departure from the built-like-a-tank Hasselblad bodies. I think that the choice of using a light-gray plastic on the exterior of the H1 had a lot to do with the complaints—it was clear how much of the exterior was plastic, while pro SLR’s felt more durable. [Editor’s Note: This sentence originally and incorrectly stated that the H1 body was plastic, while we meant to refer to various external surface.]

Still, the H6D doesn’t feel as durable as the other cameras I tested, nor does it feel as durable as something like a Nikon D5 or Canon EOS-1D X Mark II, which cost a good deal less. Again, looks aren’t everything, and the H6D is more than tough enough to work anywhere, except the shower. (In the article last issue, Clark talked about taking the H5D on assignment with him, and it’s never let him down.)

The Phase One XF is by far the most impressive-feeling body, it feels solid and durable and like a direct extension of film-era medium format cameras. It’s heavier than the other systems and feels like it could be used by a SWAT team to breach a doorway. It’s also the most sculpted and attractive system, for what that’s worth. I personally know several wedding photographers who use their medium format systems as sales tools—they use the impressive-looking and impressive-sounding tools to sell jobs. I even once saw a photographer who was a sponsored shooter of one of the two major platforms extolling the virtues of their Phase One system on their wedding website, saying it was the “best camera’ for weddings.

Each of the bodies has a different approach to shooting workflow. The Pentax, unsurprisingly, is the most SLR-like of the systems, with a lot of buttons distributed across the body for one-step setting changes. It’s the easiest camera to step up to from an SLR as a result.

The Hasselblad and the Phase One both spend a lot more time using menus for settings, and both use smartphone-like gestures to move through images and menus. The Phase One XF uses a touchscreen top LCD screen too, which can be customized based on shooting needs.

In operation, the Phase One XF was by far the most customizable of the systems, with menu controls and layout being adaptable to different shooting styles. Phase One engineers really took a hard look at photographic workflow and created a system that’s very flexible—it’s much closer to my vision of a photographic interface than any other camera I’ve played with.

That said, there are some negatives to having systems that are so LCD-driven. It’s difficult to use the cameras with gloves on, and it’s harder to change settings on the fly while looking through the viewfinder. That shouldn’t be an issue in most studio settings, but for hectic location shoots it’s nice to have direct setting buttons for everything.

The Hasselblad H6D and the Pentax arrived first, and I took them out with the Nikon D5 as a sort of control—I know what the images from Nikon systems look like, and I know their performance the best—to see how they handled. While both the Pentax and Hasselblad systems worked well, there were a few shoots in which I just grabbed the Nikon D5, mostly because it kept up with the pace of a live shoot at sunset where the light kept changing. My second choice was the Pentax, and the last choice was the Hasselblad.

The selection of the Pentax over the Hasselblad came down mostly to the shutter speed of the camera. The Hasselblad has a top shutter speed of 1/2000 of a second, and without a neutral density filter, I simply couldn’t shoot in some situations due to the bright sunlight.

Had I been shooting strobes, where I could have overpowered the sun, this wouldn’t be an issue, but often I’d grab the camera and find that I couldn’t take a shot unless I stopped down so much that the background was in focus.

The Phase One also performed well in tests, but again didn’t feel as natural in a location environment as did the Pentax.

Back in studio the edge swung around toward the Phase One and Hasselblad because lighting was controlled and it was easier to stop to change settings without missing fading daylight.

The takeaway here is that each of the systems is well-designed for the target market and the systems are easy to use, easier to use than any medium format camera was in the film era. There is no bad choice here when it comes to operation.

Image Is Everything

It’s a bit unfair to compare the images from a 100MP back and two 50MP sensors, so I’ll try to compare them relative to the D5, as that’s more akin to what the average professional is shooting with.

On the surface all four systems—the three medium format cameras and the SLR—look amazing. The dynamic range, color fidelity and resolution is great when viewed at 1:1 on a 4K display, and output from each at an 8×10 size is beautiful.

Once you get past “skin deep,” though, the sensors start to differentiate, though less than one would expect. The Pentax and the Nikon D5 look the most similar in terms of resolution. Likely this has to do with the older sensor and processor design in the Pentax, but at resolutions above 1:1, detail starts to diminish.

The Hasselblad’s images are exceptionally good. It’s possible to see not only stray eyelash hairs but individual clumps of mascara on each eyelash. The same goes for the Phase One, which took this even farther, thanks to the 100MP sensor on the unit we tested. Even from a greater distance, it’s possible to resolve incredible amounts of detail. On an image of my son, taken from about twice the distance between the Hasselblad and Pentax and their subjects, I’m able to see detail down to small flakes of skin on his ear. I’m certain the 100MP Hasselblad would have produced equally rich detail.

Buying Advice

At the end of the day, the decision to purchase a medium format digital camera comes down to a justification of the price against the quality of the images. There is no denying that the images that come from a medium format back blow away images from 35mm-format cameras.

If you frequently need to capture the most resolution possible with very high dynamic range and great color fidelity, there is nothing better than one of these cameras. In terms of image quality, the Pentax system seemed the lowest performer, but again still better than SLRs and at a fraction of the price. If Pentax were to upgrade the 645Z with a newer sensor, it would be a no-brainer.

The Hasselblad and the Phase One both produce exceptional images, full stop. I found the Phase One to feel more technologically advanced than the H6D, with a suite of controls that I personally preferred but individual preferences vary.

If you’re looking for cameras that produce “better” images than the best DSLR, you need a medium format camera, and all of these systems provide outstanding performance and outstanding image quality. The only question is one whether one wants to put the purchase on a credit card or take out a small business loan.

Gallery

Here are a few more sample images from each of the cameras we tested.